➢ Compound hallucinations ➢ Polymodal hallucinations ➢ Polysensual hallucinations ➢ Intersensorial hallucinations Vivid, dreamlike experiences that occur on the borders of sleep These anomalous perceptions can occur when falling asleep (hypnogogic) or waking up (hypnopompic). Hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations “A sensory experience which occurs in the absence of corresponding external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ has a sufficient sense of reality to resemble a veridical perception, over which the subject does not feel s/he has direct voluntary control and which occurs in the awake state.” 3 “an erroneous percept in the absence of identifiable stimuli.” 4 “ something involuntarily which, by all other measures, is not there.” 5 ➢ Private perceptions ➢ Hearing voices (in the case of auditory hallucinations) ➢ Seeing visions (in the case of visual hallucinations) ➢ Unusual sensory experiences ➢ Anomalous perceptions The involuntary perception of an object or scene in the absence of a corresponding object/scene in the environment (ie, a formed perception whereby individual features have been linked or grouped into organized/connected wholes). Typically involves the experience of complex (ie, formed) visual hallucinations, in the context of visual loss, with insight that the experience is not real, in people with no marked cognitive dysfunction. The experience of seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, smelling, and/or sensing the presence of the deceased. ➢ Grief hallucinations ➢ Sensed presence ➢ Experience of continued presence ➢ Guardian angel experience The terms used to refer to hallucinations are equally diverse (see table 1). 2 In practice, hallucinations vary in content (eg, perception of people, animals, or objects), character (eg, frequency, emotional valence, location), duration (from seconds to chronically present), complexity (eg, perception of simple stimuli vs organized scenes or objects), and quality (eg, perceived reality, intrusiveness) and occur in all sensory modalities. 6 Hallucinations need to be distinguished from illusions, which are perceptual experiences in which an external stimulus is misperceived or misinterpreted. 3–5), though this belies the difficulty in discerning the boundaries between normal and abnormal perception. Hallucinations can be defined as “a perception-like experience with the clarity and impact of a true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ” 2 (cf. Here, our focus is on hallucinations-given the wide range of health and aged-care service providers who encounter people with these experiences in their workplace. 1 Population aging is driving increased attention to the physical and mental health needs of older adults.
By 2050, it is estimated that 16% of people will be aged above 65 years, compared with 9% in 2019.
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